Anonymizing biometric data for use in a security system

ABSTRACT

An anonymized biometric representation of a target individual is used in a computer based security system. The system receives a record of a target individual containing a weakened biometric representation of a detailed biometric signal of the target individual. The weakened biometric representation is designed to identify a plurality of individuals including the target individual when compared to detailed biometric signals corresponding to the plurality of individuals. The system obtains a detailed input biometric signal from a screening candidate individual. The system determines whether the detailed biometric signal of the screening candidate matches the weakened biometric representation included in the record for the target individual.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field

This disclosure relates generally to using biometric data in acomputer-based security environment. More particularly, it relates toanonymizing biometric data for use in a computer-based environment forsecurity processing of individuals.

Background of the Related Art

The use of biometric data to identify individuals is well known.Biometric technologies such as fingerprint, facial recognition, irisrecognition, voice verification, hand geometry, signature verification,keystroke dynamics, and retina scan are employed to identify or verifythe identity of users attempting to access computers, computer networksand associated resources, gain access to secure facilities and confirmidentifies to government officials. Biometrics can be used inconjunction with other authentication methods such as passwords, PINs,tokens, cards, badges and challenge-response protocols based on personalinformation.

Biometric technology is based on the distinctive features resident infingerprints, faces, irises, retinas, voices, signatures, hands, andother physical characteristics of individual. These features, such asthe ridge configurations of a fingerprint, the shape of facial elements,the striations and furrows of an iris, and the pitch and cadence of avoice, can be linked to particular individuals with a great degree ofconfidence.

While biometric data has great value in identifying individuals, unlikea password, PIN or challenge-response protocol, biometric data cannot beeasily changed. This poses a problem for individuals whose biometricdata is stolen. Identity theft and related fraud using stolenidentification data has become a major problem in the United States andthroughout the world. Identity theft occurs when one individualfraudulently uses the identity of another to perform activities such asopening credit cards, obtaining identification documents (e.g., driverslicenses), obtaining entitlement/benefits cards (e.g., welfare cards.),and performing other activities which require the use of personalinformation. The problem of identity theft is much worse when thoseelements used to authenticate the individual cannot be changed. At leastin part due to this problem, as well as other privacy issues, manycountries have passed laws regulating the handling of citizens'personally identifiable information (PII), including biometric data.

BRIEF SUMMARY

According to this disclosure, a method, apparatus and computer programproduct for using a weakened biometric representation of a targetindividual in a computer based security system. The system receives arecord of a target individual containing a weakened biometricrepresentation of a detailed biometric signal of the target individual.The weakened biometric representation is designed to identify aplurality of individuals including the target individual when comparedto detailed biometric signals corresponding to the plurality ofindividuals. The system obtains a detailed input biometric signal from ascreening candidate individual. The system determines whether thedetailed biometric signal of the screening candidate matches theweakened biometric representation included in the record for the targetindividual.

The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent features of thedisclosed subject matter. These features should be construed to bemerely illustrative. Many other beneficial results can be attained byapplying the disclosed subject matter in a different manner or bymodifying the invention as will be described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention and theadvantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptionstaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary block diagram of a distributed dataprocessing environment in which exemplary aspects of the illustrativeembodiments may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram of a data processing system inwhich exemplary aspects of the illustrative embodiments may beimplemented;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary cloud computing architecture in whichthe disclosed subject matter may be implemented;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an enrollment mechanism used in a preferredembodiment of the invention for a one-to-one authentication process;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of matching a screening candidate to a databaseof weakened biometric profiles according to an embodiment of theinvention for a one-to-one authentication process;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of another enrollment mechanism used in apreferred embodiment of the invention for a one-to-many matchingprocess;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of matching a screen candidate to a data storeof weakened biometric profiles in an embodiment of the invention for aone-to-many matching process;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of calibrating the weakening mechanism in anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of matching biometric profiles created withdifferent weakening mechanisms; and

FIG. 10 is a table of biometric data used in an embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT

At a high level, in preferred embodiments of the invention, the presentinvention obtains a detailed input biometric signal associated from eachof a set of target individuals. The system constructs a weakenedbiometric representation of the detailed biometric signals for eachtarget individual such that for given weakened biometric representationthere are expected to be a plurality of matches in a data set, e.g.,stored in a database, which contains a sufficient number of otherweakened biometric representations. The system creates records for thetarget individuals in the data store including the weakened biometricrepresentation. When an individual is presented to the system forauthentication or screening, a detailed input biometric signal isobtained from a screening candidate individual. The system uses thedetailed biometric signal from the screening candidate to compute aweakened biometric representation which is then matched against therecords of the target individuals in the database.

Embodiments of the invention solve problems in the 1:M (one to many)matching of biometrics; other embodiments of this invention apply toaspects of biometric authentication (1:1) and identity matching (1:M)systems. A biometric profile as taught by the invention could be usedfor either, an authentication system (which may be part of amulti-factor or multi-modal authentication system (e.g., a biometric anda password), or a biometric identity matching system which may beextending a watchlist to include both biographic and biometric data. Theaccompanying diagrams and discussion below explain various aspects ofthese systems.

The target individuals could be suspects in criminal activity, membersof an organization or citizens entitled to government benefits. Thedatabase, for example, could be a “watchlist” database for suspectedcriminals for use by customs, border security or police personnel toidentify such individuals. When the weakened biometric data of ascreening candidate matches the record of a target individual in thecontext of a watchlist database, further analysis, e.g., questioning,can ascertain whether the screening candidate is the same individual asthe matching target individual. For other applications, in combinationwith other authentication data, it is enough that the screeningcandidate weakened biometric data of one or more individuals in thedatabase. The system is efficient in that few screened individuals willbe a false positive match with a target individual, while the targetindividuals' privacy is maintained as the weakened biometric data isinsufficient to uniquely identify an individual.

The general idea of using profiles (e.g., hair/eye color, race, facialfeatures, etc.) in law enforcement, air/land/sea border protection, etc.has existed for many years. When using a profile, if an individualpossesses sufficient attributes that are contained in one or more of theprofiles, he is identified for further assessment, identification andprocessing. Similarly, when one attempts to authenticate an individualthat one has never met, one uses the profile data provided by others toinitially match the individual's characteristics to the characteristicsdescribed in the profile provided.

This invention extends the idea of profiles to include the use of moreaccurate, biometric technology. An advantage of this invention is thatusing a biometric profile, many risks and societal challenges associatedwith using a full biometric which uniquely identifies an individual areavoided. Biometric data, even when in the weakened profile used in theinvention, can provide much stronger authentication (e.g., on a creditcard or mobile device) than traditional security passwords, tokens, etc.The weakened biometric profile provides stronger identification forsensitive applications (e.g., a border crossing watchlist) thantraditional personal data (e.g., name, address, country of origin,etc.), while avoiding many risks, e.g., theft of detailed biometricdata, and constraints, e.g., laws prohibiting transfer of PII acrossborders, associated with using traditional biometrics for authenticationor identification.

There are many attributes, subsets, or transformations that can becomputed from a biometric. For the purposes of the invention, a“biometric profile” or “weakened biometric representation” is defined asa partial set of biometric-based data, which contains sufficient data tomatch an individual to the biometric profile—and the samebiometric-based data set will statistically match other individuals tothe same biometric profile. The biometric attributes, subsets ortransformations can be calibrated to increase or decrease the “fidelity”of the matching—depending on the desired or required quality of thebiometric profile. One way to measure the fidelity or strength of thematching is by the percentage of possible False-Positive andFalse-Negative matches. Embodiments of the invention include the abilityto select which biometric modes are used by the system to profile theindividual, as well as the ability to calibrate, e.g., increase ordecrease, the fidelity of the biometric profile thereby affecting thesubset of the population that would match the profile.

Biometrics is an important technology area within the government today.The Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12) calls forevery agency to start using biometrics as an element of the PersonalIdentification Validation (PIV) initiative. Internationally, theEuropean Union (EU) has an ongoing initiative to incorporate biometricsinto national ID cards for travel across European Nations. Privacy is akey social and political issue that has surfaced as biometrics emerge asa primary identification technique, presenting new challenges and risksto modern mobile and cloud platforms. From the systems complexity andcost perspective, the processing and storage requirements associatedwith biometrics are also a major concern with these systems—particularlyfor de-centralized systems that must be fielded across numerouslocations and operate within very conservative space, computer storageand computing power (e.g., a small, single server supporting a dozendesktops, or a stand-along PC). This invention provides major increasesin the effectiveness, efficiency and privacy of applying biometricstechnology.

With reference now to the drawings and in particular with reference toFIGS. 1-2, exemplary diagrams of data processing environments areprovided in which illustrative embodiments of the disclosure may beimplemented. It should be appreciated that FIGS. 1-2 are only exemplaryand are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard tothe environments in which aspects or embodiments of the disclosedsubject matter may be implemented. Many modifications to the depictedenvironments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe present invention.

With reference now to the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts a pictorialrepresentation of an exemplary distributed data processing system inwhich aspects of the illustrative embodiments may be implemented.Distributed data processing system 100 may include a network ofcomputers in which aspects of the illustrative embodiments may beimplemented. The distributed data processing system 100 contains atleast one network 102, which is the medium used to provide communicationlinks between various devices and computers connected together withindistributed data processing system 100. The network 102 may includeconnections, such as wire, wireless communication links, or fiber opticcables.

In the depicted example, server 104 and server 106 are connected tonetwork 102 along with storage unit 108. In addition, clients 110, 112,and 114 are also connected to network 102. These clients 110, 112, and114 may be, for example, personal computers, network computers, mobiledevices, smartphones or the like. In the depicted example, server 104provides data, such as boot files, operating system images, andapplications to the clients 110, 112, and 114. Clients 110, 112, and 114are clients to server 104 in the depicted example. Mainframe computer116 is shown connected to network 102. Mainframe computer 116 can be,for example, an IBM System z mainframe running the IBM z/OS operatingsystem. Connected to the mainframe 116 are mainframe storage unit 118and client 120. Client 120 is either a PC connected directly to themainframe communicating over a bus, or a console terminal connecteddirectly to the mainframe via a display port. Distributed dataprocessing system 100 may include additional servers, clients, and otherdevices not shown.

In the depicted example, distributed data processing system 100 is theInternet with network 102 representing a worldwide collection ofnetworks and gateways that use the Transmission ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols to communicatewith one another. At the heart of the Internet is a backbone ofhigh-speed data communication lines between major nodes or hostcomputers, consisting of thousands of commercial, governmental,educational and other computer systems that route data and messages. Ofcourse, the distributed data processing system 100 may also beimplemented to include a number of different types of networks, such asfor example, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the like. As stated above, FIG. 1 is intended as anexample, not as an architectural limitation for different embodiments ofthe disclosed subject matter, and therefore, the particular elementsshown in FIG. 1 should not be considered limiting with regard to theenvironments in which the illustrative embodiments of the presentinvention may be implemented.

With reference now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of an exemplary dataprocessing system is shown in which aspects of the illustrativeembodiments may be implemented. Data processing system 200 is an exampleof a computer, such as client 110 in FIG. 1, in which computer usablecode or instructions implementing the processes for illustrativeembodiments of the disclosure may be located.

With reference now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of a data processingsystem is shown in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented.Data processing system 200 is an example of a computer, such as server104 or client 110 in FIG. 1, in which computer-usable program code orinstructions implementing the processes may be located for theillustrative embodiments. In this illustrative example, data processingsystem 200 includes communications fabric 202, which providescommunications between processor unit 204, memory 206, persistentstorage 208, communications unit 210, input/output (I/O) unit 212, anddisplay 214.

Processor unit 204 serves to execute instructions for software that maybe loaded into memory 206. Processor unit 204 may be a set of one ormore processors or may be a multi-processor core, depending on theparticular implementation. Further, processor unit 204 may beimplemented using one or more heterogeneous processor systems in which amain processor is present with secondary processors on a single chip. Asanother illustrative example, processor unit 204 may be a symmetricmulti-processor (SMP) system containing multiple processors of the sametype.

Memory 206 and persistent storage 208 are examples of storage devices. Astorage device is any piece of hardware that is capable of storinginformation either on a temporary basis and/or a permanent basis. Memory206, in these examples, may be, for example, a random access memory orany other suitable volatile or non-volatile storage device. Persistentstorage 208 may take various forms depending on the particularimplementation. For example, persistent storage 208 may contain one ormore components or devices. For example, persistent storage 208 may be ahard drive, a flash memory, a rewritable optical disk, a rewritablemagnetic tape, or some combination of the above. The media used bypersistent storage 208 also may be removable. For example, a removablehard drive may be used for persistent storage 208.

Communications unit 210, in these examples, provides for communicationswith other data processing systems or devices. In these examples,communications unit 210 is a network interface card. Communications unit210 may provide communications through the use of either or bothphysical and wireless communications links.

Input/output unit 212 allows for input and output of data with otherdevices that may be connected to data processing system 200. Forexample, input/output unit 212 may provide a connection for user inputthrough a keyboard and mouse. Further, input/output unit 212 may sendoutput to a printer. Display 214 provides a mechanism to displayinformation to a user.

Instructions for the operating system and applications or programs arelocated on persistent storage 208. These instructions may be loaded intomemory 206 for execution by processor unit 204. The processes of thedifferent embodiments may be performed by processor unit 204 usingcomputer implemented instructions, which may be located in a memory,such as memory 206. These instructions are referred to as program code,computer-usable program code, or computer-readable program code that maybe read and executed by a processor in processor unit 204. The programcode in the different embodiments may be embodied on different physicalor tangible computer-readable media, such as memory 206 or persistentstorage 208.

Program code 216 is located in a functional form on computer-readablemedia 218 that is selectively removable and may be loaded onto ortransferred to data processing system 200 for execution by processorunit 204. Program code 216 and computer-readable media 218 form computerprogram product 220 in these examples. In one example, computer-readablemedia 218 may be in a tangible form, such as, for example, an optical ormagnetic disc that is inserted or placed into a drive or other devicethat is part of persistent storage 208 for transfer onto a storagedevice, such as a hard drive that is part of persistent storage 208. Ina tangible form, computer-readable media 218 also may take the form of apersistent storage, such as a hard drive, a thumb drive, or a flashmemory that is connected to data processing system 200. The tangibleform of computer-readable media 218 is also referred to ascomputer-recordable storage media. In some instances,computer-recordable media 218 may not be removable.

Alternatively, program code 216 may be transferred to data processingsystem 200 from computer-readable media 218 through a communicationslink to communications unit 210 and/or through a connection toinput/output unit 212. The communications link and/or the connection maybe physical or wireless in the illustrative examples. Thecomputer-readable media also may take the form of non-tangible media,such as communications links or wireless transmissions containing theprogram code. The different components illustrated for data processingsystem 200 are not meant to provide architectural limitations to themanner in which different embodiments may be implemented. The differentillustrative embodiments may be implemented in a data processing systemincluding components in addition to or in place of those illustrated fordata processing system 200. Other components shown in FIG. 2 can bevaried from the illustrative examples shown. As one example, a storagedevice in data processing system 200 is any hardware apparatus that maystore data. Memory 206, persistent storage 208, and computer-readablemedia 218 are examples of storage devices in a tangible form.

In another example, a bus system may be used to implement communicationsfabric 202 and may be comprised of one or more buses, such as a systembus or an input/output bus. Of course, the bus system may be implementedusing any suitable type of architecture that provides for a transfer ofdata between different components or devices attached to the bus system.Additionally, a communications unit may include one or more devices usedto transmit and receive data, such as a modem or a network adapter.Further, a memory may be, for example, memory 206 or a cache such asfound in an interface and memory controller hub that may be present incommunications fabric 202.

Computer program code for carrying out operations of the presentinvention may be written in any combination of one or more programminglanguages, including an object-oriented programming language such asJava™, Smalltalk, C++, C#, Objective-C, or the like, and conventionalprocedural programming languages. The program code may execute entirelyon the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer, or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware inFIGS. 1-2 may vary depending on the implementation. Other internalhardware or peripheral devices, such as flash memory, equivalentnon-volatile memory, or optical disk drives and the like, may be used inaddition to or in place of the hardware depicted in FIGS. 1-2. Also, theprocesses of the illustrative embodiments may be applied to amultiprocessor data processing system, other than the SMP systemmentioned previously, without departing from the spirit and scope of thedisclosed subject matter.

As will be seen, the techniques described herein may operate inconjunction within the standard client-server paradigm such asillustrated in FIG. 1 in which client machines communicate with anInternet-accessible Web-based portal executing on a set of one or moremachines. End users operate Internet-connectable devices (e.g., desktopcomputers, notebook computers, Internet-enabled mobile devices, or thelike) that are capable of accessing and interacting with the portal.Typically, each client or server machine is a data processing systemsuch as illustrated in FIG. 2 comprising hardware and software, andthese entities communicate with one another over a network, such as theInternet, an intranet, an extranet, a private network, or any othercommunications medium or link. A data processing system typicallyincludes one or more processors, an operating system, one or moreapplications, and one or more utilities. The applications on the dataprocessing system provide native support for Web services including,without limitation, support for HTTP, SOAP, XML, WSDL, UDDI, and WSFL,among others. Information regarding SOAP, WSDL, UDDI and WSFL isavailable from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which is responsiblefor developing and maintaining these standards; further informationregarding HTTP and XML is available from Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF). Familiarity with these standards is presumed.

Further, embodiments of the invention can be implemented on stand-alonesystems which are not connected to a network for reasons of security,capability of the device or location, e.g., remote from a network.

Cloud Computing Model

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orinteraction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may includeat least five characteristics, at least three service models, and atleast four deployment models, all as more particularly described anddefined in “Draft NIST Working Definition of Cloud Computing” by PeterMell and Tim Grance, dated Oct. 7, 2009.

In particular, the following are typical Characteristics:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher levelof abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilitiesavailable for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can bepurchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can bemonitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both theprovider and consumer of the utilized service.

The Service Models typically are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client devices through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail).The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage,or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exceptionof limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, orstorage, but has control over the deployed applications and possiblyapplication hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy andrun arbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls). The Deployment Models typically areas follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party andmay exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third partyand may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services. Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a compositionof two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain uniqueentities but are bound together by standardized or proprietarytechnology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloudbursting for load-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service-oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability.At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising anetwork of interconnected nodes. A representative cloud computing nodeis as illustrated in FIG. 2 above. In particular, in a cloud computingnode there is a computer system/server, which is operational withnumerous other general purpose or special purpose computing systemenvironments or configurations. Examples of well-known computingsystems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable foruse with computer system/server include, but are not limited to,personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thickclients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumerelectronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computersystems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include anyof the above systems or devices, and the like. Computer system/servermay be described in the general context of computer system-executableinstructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computersystem. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs,objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that performparticular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computersystem/server may be practiced in distributed cloud computingenvironments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices thatare linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloudcomputing environment, program modules may be located in both local andremote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.

Referring now to FIG. 3, by way of additional background, a set offunctional abstraction layers provided by a cloud computing environmentis shown. It should be understood in advance that the components,layers, and functions shown in FIG. 3 are intended to be illustrativeonly and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. Asdepicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 300 includes hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in oneexample IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBMxSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networksand networking components. Examples of software components includenetwork application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere®application server software; and database software, in one example IBMDB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter,WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business MachinesCorporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide).

Virtualization layer 302 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers;virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks;virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients.

In one example, management layer 304 may provide the functions describedbelow. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computingresources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks withinthe cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide costtracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computingenvironment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management providescloud computing resource allocation and management such that requiredservice levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning andfulfillment provides pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloudcomputing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated inaccordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 306 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtualclassroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transactionprocessing; and others (e.g., enterprise-specific functions in a privatecloud).

It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes adetailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachingsrecited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather,embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented inconjunction with any other type of computing environment now known orlater developed.

Thus, a representative cloud computing environment has a set of highlevel functional components that include a front end identity manager, abusiness support services (BSS) function component, an operationalsupport services (OSS) function component, and the compute cloudcomponent. The identity manager is responsible for interfacing withrequesting clients to provide identity management, and this componentmay be implemented with one or more known systems, such as the TivoliFederated Identity Manager (TFIM) that is available from IBMCorporation, of Armonk, N.Y. In appropriate circumstances TFIM may beused to provide federated single sign-on (F-SSO) to other cloudcomponents. The business support services component provides certainadministrative functions, such as billing support. The operationalsupport services component is used to provide provisioning andmanagement of the other cloud components, such as virtual machine (VM)instances. The cloud component represents the main computationalresources, which are typically a plurality of virtual machine instancesthat are used to execute a target application that is being madeavailable for access via the cloud. One or more databases are used tostore directory, log, and other working data. All of these components(included the front end identity manager) are located “within” thecloud, but this is not a requirement. In an alternative embodiment, theidentity manager may be operated externally to the cloud. The serviceprovider also may be operated externally to the cloud.

Both government and industry recognize the value of biometrics in theirsecurity systems, which provide higher assurance of personalidentification than traditional authentication methods (e.g., passwords,ID card, challenge-response mechanisms). Large storage and processingrequirements associated with the support of traditional biometrics canbe a deterrent to systems with large numbers of entities, i.e.individuals, as compared to traditional authentication processing andstorage requirements. Privacy laws which regulate the handling orprevent the distribution of PII can also be an impediment toincorporating biometrics in an existing system, as the biometric datafrom some of the potential users or targets of a security system may beresident in countries which have laws which do not allow transfer of theinformation across borders.

The biometric profiling system has two major subsystems. These aredescribed below in conjunction with FIGS. 4-7. The first subsysteminvolves creating the biometric profiles that will be used toauthenticate an individual, or that will be used to identify individualsmatching one or more biometric profiles in the data set. Embodiments ofthis first subsystem include: the ability to acquire biometric data(e.g., from an existing biometrics repository) or enroll an individual(using traditional biometric enrollment devices); the ability totransform the biometric into a biometric profile; and the ability toincorporate or “ingest” the biometric profiles into the biometricprofiling data set. The second subsystem includes matching an individualbiometric profiles against the biometric profile(s) in the system.Embodiments of this second subsystem include: the ability to enroll anindividual's biometric(s) per the system's biometric profile modalities;the ability to transform the enrolled biometrics into biometricprofiles; and the ability to match the individual's biometric profile(s)against those in the biometric profile repository.

With reference now to FIG. 4, a preferred embodiment of the invention isdescribed where a one-to-one authentication is used. The process starts,401, by obtaining the detailed biometrics of an individual, step 403.The detailed biometrics might be from a database or from a local orremote biometric scanner, e.g., a fingerprint or facial recognitionscanner. The detailed biometrics could be the raw scan, but are morelikely to be a detailed biometric profile in which the biometricfeatures or data are summarized in a format used by the biometricscanner maker. The detailed biometrics are used to create a weakenedbiometric representation in step 405. Various methods which can be usedin embodiments of the invention are discussed below. In someembodiments, there is a normalization step within the creation processwherein the format used by the biometric scanner maker is translatedinto a format used in the weakened biometric representation.

In step 407, the individual whose biometric data was used is enrolled inthe data set in the database. Note that in embodiments of the invention,the data set is stored in file storage or other types of storage besidesa traditional database. In preferred embodiments of the invention, onlythe weakened biometric representation is stored in the database 413.However, in alternative embodiments of the invention, both the detailedbiometric data and the weakened representation are stored. Storing boththe detailed biometric information and the biometric profile is usefulin embodiments of the invention which correlate a plurality of weakenedbiometric profiles for a single individual where respective biometricprofiles are created using different weakening mechanisms. However,storing both detailed and weakened data comes at a cost of speed andreduced storage costs enjoyed by preferred embodiments of the invention.

The process continues with step 409 which determines whether there aremore people to be added to DB 413 which would be the case if the sourceof biometric data was a database of detailed biometric information, orif there are no people to be added, e.g., in the case where a singleindividual was being added to the DB 413 with a biometric peripheral.The process either returns to step 403 or ends step 411 as the result ofthe determination in step 409.

Respective embodiments of the invention use different processingtechniques to reduce the biometric profile (data and storage) size, andtherefore, reduce the processing required to perform biometric matching.For example, image processing techniques are used to reduce the size offacial recognition data and other image based data. Further, embodimentsof the invention anonymize the detailed biometric information (e.g.,fingerprints, picture ID's, signatures) originally captured by abiometric peripheral by reducing the amount of information in abiometric profile. As will be discussed in greater detail below, theinvention reduces the amount of information in the weakened biometricrepresentation so that it statistically would match with a subgroup ofthe population if that subgroup also was enrolled in a database ofweakened biometric representations. Embodiments of the invention usebiometric data that is captured or enrolled with an image by onlystoring portions (subsets or attributes) of the traditional (detailed)biometric template. The weakened biometric representation can be calleda “profile”, because the portion of the biometric that is saved will notbe unique to only one individual, but it will also statistically matchwith other individuals having this saved subset of the biometric data(thus is alternatively called a biometric profile or a weakenedbiometric representation in the application).

The process for using the weakened biometric representation in aone-to-one authentication process is described with reference to FIG. 5.The process starts (501) with an authentication process which requiresbiometric input, e.g., a fingerprint, of an individual who haspreviously enrolled in the system. The required detailed biometrics areobtained, for example, from a fingerprint scanner in step 503. Thesystem then retrieves the weakened representation of the database 513 instep 505. Next, the detailed biometric data which has been just obtainedin step 503 is compared the stored version of the weakenedrepresentation in the matching step 507. As only a subset of theinformation is present in the weakened representation, the matching willnot be complete when comparing the detailed and the weakened forms ofthe biometric data. In some embodiments of the invention, the newlyacquired detailed biometric data is weakened through the same techniqueas the representation stored in the database and then matched with thestored weakened representation. In another embodiment of the invention,the system will examine the detailed biometric data to determine if thelimited number of biometric features found in the weakenedrepresentation are also found in the detailed data.

If the match is confirmed, step 509, the individual is allowed access,step 511. If not, the individual is denied access, step 515.

Other embodiments of the invention supplement authentication systemswhich use tradition types of authentication such as passwords and userIDs. In such an embodiment, step 507, would be augmented by a passwordcheck, or in other embodiments, the password check would be separateprocess which would precede, follow or proceed in parallel with thebiometric matching. Examples of biometric authentication systems includecorporate ID cards with pictures or fingerprints. Such ID cards are usedin systems to authenticate individuals physically entering a building,or used in multi-factor authentication (e.g., in combination withpasswords) to gain access to a computer or network, etc.

As discussed above, in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5, embodiments of theinvention are used instead of or in addition to traditional “biometricauthentication” systems (aka 1:1 matching systems). As discussed belowin connection with FIGS. 6 and 7, embodiments of the invention can alsobe used in as well as “biometric identification” systems (aka 1:Mmatching systems). Embodiments of the invention are used in mobiledevices and cloud computing platforms. Such embodiments will enable theuse of biometrics in various identity management systems wherepreviously not possible, due to storage and processing limitations ofmobile devices. Example applications include de-centralized bordercrossing posts using mobile devices with the need to enforce watch-listsor wireless hand-held identity authentication or identification devicesused by the military, border patrols, international posts and embassies,law enforcement, to restrict access to secured facilities.

Embodiments of the invention are somewhat simpler for 1:1 biometricprofile authentication, than for 1:N:M biometric profile (flagging)identification. In most cases, 1:1 biometric profile matching requiresless processing to match one individual to one biometric profile (i.e.,1:1 authentication), than the processing required to match that oneindividual's biometric against a total of M biometric profiles in a dataset with M individual biometric entries. For 1:N:M biometric profile(flagging) identification, there are optimization techniques that canautomatically reduce M to a smaller subset (N) that one would need toinstead match against. One to one biometric profile matching is alsosimpler in that one can apply “passive” biometric enrollment (weaker)techniques. Weaker enrollment techniques by their nature align betterwith a biometric profile rather than a full biometric, since they arenot always capable of capturing all of the necessary data for a fullbiometric enrollment.

Referring now to FIG. 6, the process starts 601 with a collection ofpreingested data 602. The preingested biometric data may be sourced fromone or more government databases where biometric data of suspects ortargets exist and have been assembled in a single data store. Thebiometric data may be from a plurality of different biometric scanners,thus, the information may need to be normalized in following steps. Thebiometric data may be a larger collection of individuals than thosewhich will be enrolled in the system database. In preferred embodimentsof the invention, where the principles of the invention have gainedacceptance, at least some of the preingested data will be in the form ofweakened profiles.

Next, in step 603, the detailed biometrics of a target individual areobtained. A target individual is a selected individual to be enrolled inthe system. The weakened representation of the individual's biometricsis constructed in step 605. In preferred embodiments, where the weakenedrepresentation or profile is obtained, steps 603 and 605 can be skipped,at least for that individual. Embodiments of the invention are adaptedto a situation where the preingested data comes from multiple sources,and may be in different formats, and thus, there may be some differencesin the process for creating the weakened profile depending on the sourceof the detailed biometric data. The target individual is then enrolled,step 607, in the database 613. The weakened profile is entered togetherwith other personal information such as name, address and passportnumber. In this embodiment, the database 613 contains, for example, alist of individuals on a watchlist. A test is performed in step 609 todetermine whether there are more people to be enrolled. If so, theprocess returns to obtain the detailed biometrics of the next individualin step 603. If all the target individuals have been enrolled, theprocess ends, step 611. Depending on the format of the biometric dataone or more of these steps may be skipped for a particular individual.

Embodiments of the invention use multiple biometric profiles each ofwhich have been compressed or created using different techniques oraccording to different criteria. By using multiple biometric profiles,or a “richer biometric profile”, the invention improves the accuracy ofwatchlist matching, reduces the number of undesired false positives andfalse negatives that plague biometrics-based lists, while concurrentlymaintaining the anonymity of the target individuals and reducing storageand processing requirements as compared to traditional biometric-basedsecurity systems. The invention will decrease the false negatives whenmatching biometric profiles, because it will match more than oneindividual and will require less data & resolution. This is animprovement over the prior art since using a full biometric with lowaccuracy might allow the actual individual to pass by if their fullbiometric doesn't fully match the one on the watchlist. The inventionwill increase the false positives, but by design. By “weakening” thebiometric, the invention increases the number of individuals that willmatch the given biometric profile. Since more people will match, therisk that the detailed information collected from an individual will notexactly match a full biometric is reduced. In embodiments of theinvention where multiple biometric profiles are used, step 605 wouldcreate multiple profiles, each of which would be associated with thetarget individual and stored in the database. The biometric profilesconstructed by different methods or from different types of biometricscan be stored in separate data stores or together in the same datastore, e.g., classified by type.

FIG. 7 shows a process used in an embodiment of the invention, where ascreening candidate is matched against the set of database recordscorresponding to a blacklist, for example in a border crossingsituation, a so-called 1:M case. The process starts, 701, as theindividual approaches the checkpoint and detailed biometrics of thescreening candidate, aka suspect, are obtained, step 703. In step 704,optionally a weakened biometric representation is created. In step 705,the suspect's detailed biometrics are compared against the weakenedbiometric representations of members of one or more blacklists stored indatabase 713. If a match is not found, as would usually be the case, theprocess is complete and the screening candidate is allowed to pass, step709. If a match is found, an alert is given, step 711, whereupon greaterscrutiny is given to the screening candidate in terms of additionaltests. Since the weakened representations are calculated to matchseveral, but relatively few, individuals within the population, a matchis not a dispositive identification that the screening candidate matchesan individual on the blacklist. However, it is a strong indication thatthe screening candidate is of interest to those manning a bordercheckpoint or the like. If a weakened representation is calculated forthe screening candidate, it can be used in the comparing step.

Preferred embodiments of the invention are used in government,corporate, and industry watch-lists as well as other biometric gatinginitiatives. For example, as watchlists are extended to includebiometrics, the systems used must address privacy policies andlegislation. Examples of such legislation included the Health InsurancePortability and Accountability Act of '96 (HIPAA), and internationallaws regarding transmitting/sharing personal information across countryborders). As mentioned above, the devices used in a gating applicationmay have system constraints (e.g., distributed systems with limitedprocessing and storage) which prevent traditional biometricauthentication. In preferred embodiments of the invention, theanonymized biometric profiles are used at the front end of a triageprocess to filter out the majority of individuals whose biometricprofiles do not match those on the watchlist. Subsequent triage phasesare then focused on a much smaller subset of individuals which match thebiometric profiles. The subsequent triage phases, as they affect a muchsmaller group of individuals, although they are more time consuming peraffected individual, can then effectively and efficiently apply morestringent biometric matching and other adjudication procedures. Theoverall process is more efficient and effective for the collective groupof individuals.

The triage processes will deal with situations according to policies andmetrics based on biographic and biometric matching. The biometricprofile matching system described above indicates when an individual ismatched with the biometric profile(s) of someone on the watchlist,hence, there is a possibility that the individual is the same individualmatched on the watchlist. The triage process then continues. If thescreening individual's biographic information (e.g., name, address,social security number, passport number, etc.) match those of theassociated individual on the watchlist, the odds are good that thescreening individual is an individual on the watchlist. If theindividual's biographic information does not match or cannot becorrelated, e.g., entity resolution or relationship resolution, to theassociated data on the watchlist, then the triage process must definenext steps (e.g., further questioning or identity authentication).

Embodiments of the invention use the following rules in a triageprocess. If an individual does not match the biographical or biometricprofile data on a watchlist, the triage process allows the individual toproceed, i.e. past the checkpoint, customs, etc. If an individualmatches either the biometric profile or the biographical data, thetriage process should consider allowing the individual to proceed to thenext triage stage while further investigation is done, e.g., atraditional biometric match request against the appropriate system(s).If both the biometric profile and biographic data match, the individualshould be held up for further questioning and investigation.

Other example applications of embodiments of the invention include tobiometric ID cards issued by the government (motor vehicles, ID cards,etc.), corporations (physical security, computer security, etc.) andfinance industry (e.g., credit or debit cards). Embodiments of theinvention use the individual's biometric instead of an ID card, e.g.,healthcare programs for the homeless, emergency response systemsproviding localized aid and emerging countries or nomadic societieswhere biometrics is a much better solution than ID cards or biographicaldata.

Mobile and cloud computing platforms have been criticized for their lackof security and for the consequent risk of losing personal and privateinformation. As is mentioned above, loss of personal data isparticularly troublesome when the personal data is an individual'sbiometrics. The biometric profiles of the present invention can be usedto increase security by authenticating users with biometrics (biometricsis stronger security than a password or token that can be lost orstolen), while limiting the risk of losing an individual's biometrics ifthe device is lost or stolen, or if the cloud storage is hacked. Thebiometric profile only contains a portion of an individual's actualbiometric data. Therefore, the biometric profile is insufficient for ahacker to use to infiltrate another system requiring a full biometric,or another system using a different set of biometric profiles.

There are many attributes, subsets, or transformations that can becomputed from a biometric. The biometric profile is a partial set ofbiometric-based data, which contains sufficient data to match anindividual to the biometric profile—and the same data set willstatistically match other individuals to the same biometric profile. Theinvention includes the recognition that biometric attributes, subsets ortransformations used in a biometric profile can be calibrated toincrease or decrease the fidelity of the matching, depending on thedesired (or required) quality of the profile, i.e., the percentage ofpossible false positive and false negative matches. The followingsection describes several of many approaches to derive a subset of thedata for a biometric profile, e.g., a subset of one traditionallyextracts from a fingerprint.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, biometric images arereduced to a subset by deriving a number of geometric figures (e.g.,triangles) from biometric images. These figures are used as input tocreate a biometric profile (subset) that can be used to anonymouslyenroll, transmit, authenticate or match individuals. The number ofgeometric figures and other metadata collected can be calibrated toaffect the precision of matches, as well as the storage and otherconstraints of the systems involved. The reduced size of the biometricprofile dramatically decreases the time and processing required toauthenticate or match biometrics against very large biometric data sets.In addition to the processing advantages, biometric profiles addressanonymity and storage requirements. When constructing the biometricprofiles, tradeoffs can be made to address the processing, storage andanonymity requirements as well as balancing those requirements againstfidelity requirements. In preferred embodiments of the invention, atriage process is used to address varying privacy, fidelity and systemconstraints. For example, the triage process can be more extensive for abiometric profile with lower fidelity.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of calibrating the weakening mechanism in anembodiment of the invention so that the weakening mechanism used has theproper tradeoffs for anonymization, reduced storage and processingrequirements and fidelity or strength of matching, i.e. the likelihoodthat a match actually is the individual whose biometrics were retrievedfrom the database. The process begins in step 801 by obtaining detailedbiometrics from a large group of individuals. Embodiments of theinvention perform the calibration process for testing purposes, beforeusing the biometric system in a real life application. If a testdatabase is used, the identities of the individuals could be obfuscatedin some way. In step 803, an initial estimate for the strength of theweakening mechanism is calculated, based on the tradeoffs foranonymization, reduced storage and processing requirements and fidelity.Based on the strength desired, the initial weakening mechanism isselected. The initial weakening mechanism is then applied to thedetailed biometrics database, step 805. Individual biometric profilesare created, step 807, and stored in a test database.

Next, in step 809, a test for matches is performed to see if the properamount of anonymization and fidelity have been achieved, that is,whether a desired number of matches have been created. One biometricprofile is selected from the test database and matched against others todetermine how many other profiles create matches, that is, whether adesired number or an undesired number of matches are produced. If thereare too many, step 811, or too few, step 813, matches as compared to thecalculated or desired number of matches the weakening mechanism isadjusted. If there are the proper number of matches, the weakeningmechanism and/or the database is finalized, step 815. If the initiallyselected weakening mechanism did not yield the desired results, theweakening mechanism is adjusted in the correct direction in step 817 andthe process repeated until the desired result is attained.

Embodiments of the invention use commonly employed measures of biometricsystem performance such as the Cumulative Match Curve or the ReceiverOperating Characteristic curve to evaluate the degree of weakening for agiven candidate mechanism. The Cumulative Match Curve (CMC) is used as ameasure of 1:M identification system performance. It judges the rankingcapabilities of an identification system. The Receiver OperatingCharacteristic curve (ROC curve) of a verification system, on the otherhand, expresses the quality of a 1:1 matcher. The ROC plots the FalseAccept Rate (FAR) of a 1:1 matcher versus the False Reject Rate (FRR) ofthe matcher and database of biometrics. The CMC is also related to theFAR and FRR of a matcher. With increasing weakening of the biometricdata, the value of the FAR will increase, while that of the FRR willdecrease. The CMC may be used to evaluate the weakening and make surethat a target individual is within the CMC envelope.

CMC(K) is the probability that the correct match will be found in thetop K matches as ranked by score. CMC(1)=1.0 would be a perfect matcherwhere every person showed up as the best match every time. Note that theCMC depends both on the probe entries as well as the background gallery(people you are not interested) as well as the size of the gallery.Concretely, if all the target individuals (probes) are Asians, thencomparing them against a gallery of largely Asian people will make thematching harder (lower CMC(K)) than matching them against a database oflargely Caucasian people. The same thing holds if the target individualsare primarily male and the gallery is either largely male versus a mixedgender population. In addition, CMC(K) for a gallery of 1M people willgenerally be lower than for a gallery of 10K people, because there is agreater chance for a spurious match in a smaller sample size.

In embodiments of the invention, the system uses a weakened biometricwith 0.0<vlo<CMC(K)<vhi<1.0 for a given K. So say vlo=90% and vhi=95%.To achieve this desired weakening with a given probe set and gallery, agenerate-and-test search is performed. For a given weakening setting, w,the probe entries and the gallery entries are weakened using the sameweakening mechanism and weakening parameters. Then the system computesCMC(K)=v and checks it against vlo and vhi. If it is within the range,the system stops. If v>vhi the weakening is increased. If v<vlo theweakening is decreased (retain more strength). This is repeated tonarrow down the range for the weakening until the desired conditions aremet. The weakening is generally a monotonic function so an efficientbinary search can be performed. That is, if w0 yields v0<vlo and ahigher w1 yields v1>vhi, the choice for the next weakening, w2, shouldbe between the old w0 and w1 values.

As the nature of the weakening will vary according to the biometrictechnology used as well as the method of weakening, the general methodof generating a test weakening and and determining the error (if any) isdescribed in association with FIG. 8. As more history with a particulartype of biometric data and a particular type of weakening is acquired,the initial estimate of parameters can be obtained from a plot of priorweakening attempts.

In embodiments of the invention, different organizations and systems usedifferent biometric profiles for the same individual. The respectivebiometric profiles are created using different weakening methods orusing, i.e., including, different biometric criteria.

One example of calibration that can be used in the invention is toadjust the number of triangles (or geometries) derived per biometricprofile and the number of triangles (or geometries) needed to “match”the biometric profile Most fingerprints have a given number of minutiaepoints, which are positioned around specific ridges common acrossfingers. One can draw triangles connecting any 3 sets of minutiae, orpolygons connecting any number of minutiae. These geometries theninclude angles and distance proportions that one can measure and thenadd a metadata for that fingerprint. The more of these geometric shapesand data points, the more unique the mapping of the data set will be toa biometric. Hence, if the average fingerprint has 10,000 possiblegeometries, but the system only keeps 500 geometries in a biometricprofile, the odds are that these 500 geometries will match multipleindividuals; whereas the entire set of 10,000 geometries might only havematched one individual. Embodiments of this invention can use thisgeometry reduction, and several other approaches that reduce or abstracttraditional biometric data to weaken the matching.

Embodiments of the invention use different approaches to transformingthe detailed biometrics into biometric profiles. Some embodiments willuse multiple approaches to create multiple biometric profiles, eachcreated in a different way, either to improve the fidelity of the matchfor the individual, or handle types of different biometric information.That is, some embodiments use biometric profiles for two types ofbiometric information, e.g., fingerprints and facial data. With twotypes of biometric profiles even when each one is relatively weak andsparse of data, the combination can strongly identify an individual. Inembodiments of the invention where only the speed and reduced processingrequirements are a goal. However, where anonymization of theindividual's biometrics is also a goal, the biometric profiles in asystem which uses multiple types of biometric profiles will need to beespecially weak. The weakening approach may be selected based on thetype of biometric scanner used to collect the information.

Some of the approaches used in embodiments of the invention tointentionally reduce the amount of information from detailed biometricsignals include using fewer data types in the profile than available inthe detailed biometric signal. For example, in using fingerprints toidentify individuals, twelve minutiae points are traditionally used. Increating a biometric profile, only six or fewer minutiae points could beused, rather than the traditional twelve. Minutiae are major features ofa fingerprint as ridge endings, ridge bifurcations, independent ridges,islands, ridge enclosures, spurs, crossovers, deltas and cores.Biometric profiles created by a first method could include ridges andspurs, while biometric profiles created by a second method could includespurs, crossovers and cores.

Another approach is to intentionally reduce the number of biometricfeatures used in the biometric profile as compared to the detailedbiometrics. For example, Eigen vectors or “Eigenfaces” are used toextract and classify features in facial recognition. A set of Eigenfacescan be generated by performing a mathematical process called principalcomponent analysis (PCA) on a large set of images depicting differenthuman faces. Eigenfaces use a set of “standardized face ingredients”,derived from statistical analysis of many pictures of faces. Any humanface can be considered to be a combination of these standard faces. PCAis technique which uses mathematical techniques to transform a number ofpossibly correlated variables into a smaller number of variables called“principal components”. The “principal components” are the directions inthe data which have the most variance.

Alternatively, the information can be reduced by quantization, i.e. onlykeeping the information in relatively coarse quanta, so the fine detailpresented in the detailed biometric data will be rounded up or down tothe nearest quantum value. Using the example of the Eigenfacestechnique, the matches to the standard faces adjusted to a coarserpercentage than used in the standard algorithm.

Embodiments of the invention construct the weakened biometricrepresentation by passing a strong biometric representation computedfrom the input biometric signal through a lossy compressor and thendecompressing the representation. The lossy compressor is a PrincipalComponent Analysis compressor that selects principal components whichaccount for X % of the variation in a collection of two or more strongbiometric representations. In the example, X % is a desired amount ofvariation. In alternative embodiments, the lossy compressor is anartificial neural network with a hidden layer having X % of the neuronsof the input layer and the neural network has been trained as anautoencoder over a collection of two or more strong biometricrepresentations.

Yet another approach is to intentionally increase or inject biometricnoise into the detailed biometric data when creating the biometricprofile. Embodiments of this approach will not achieve some of theinvention's goals, e.g., reducing the size of the biometric profile forfaster profile matching. Injecting noise would be useful in embodimentswhere only anonymization is required, e.g., due to governmentrequirements, but not as useful in the embodiments with processor and/orstorage constrained devices.

Removing fingerprint template data (e.g., some number of minutiae orother fingerprint characteristics such as cores, deltas, or pores)represents an example of weakening a fingerprint biometric, becausestudies show that the fewer the “fingerprint points,” the larger theanticipated number of matches (i.e., reducing the uniqueness of thebiometric). Hence, the more one removes fingerprint point data from afingerprint template, the larger the set of matches one can expect in adatabase of fingerprints. The biometric profile weakening processentails discarding or separating the original biometric from thebiometric profiles used for matching. The biometric profile can befurther weakened by removing additional biometric data points to thetemplate(s), however, a biometric profile may require data from theoriginal biometric, or parametric transformation data used to weaken atemplate in order to “strengthen” the biometric profile. Once thedesired amount of data is removed from the biometric template data toweaken a biometric profile, the resulting (persistent) data onlyrepresents a subset of the original biometric data (signals), it cannotbe reversely derived or added to represent the biometric data of theindividual without the original biometric or the parametrictransformation data used to weaken the original template data.

Using any of the above techniques will “dilute” the biometric matchingcapabilities of standard biometric matching systems. In preferredembodiments of the invention, an important aspect of the invention is toensure that the “dilution”, the transformation to biometric profile,guarantees that the created biometric profile would generate a “match”with the target individual's detailed biometric information (and viceversa) in a subsequent authentication step, if performed. Note thatthere is not a requirement that the authentication of the targetindividual is necessarily performed in embodiments of the invention.

Since any of the techniques described above can vary in the reduction of“fidelity” by removing many or fewer bits of data, they provide a meansof calibrating the biometric profiles to meet different needs andrequirements. These requirements can be functional, how close abiometric match is required, how much anonymization is require, orperformance oriented, what are the capabilities of the devices used forauthentication. Thus, the calibration approach chosen should take intoaccount the allowed or desired size of the match repository, theprocessing requirements and impacts on the authentication system, thenumber of anticipated matches based on the repository size, the numberof target individuals to profile and other factors.

The reduction of de-facto biometric data (biometric profiles) increasesthe individual's privacy because their unique biometric is not stored inthe watchlist—only a portion of their biometric(s) and biometricmetadata is stored. Hence, the profile of an individual on a watchlistwill statistically match numerous individuals—as well as thatindividual. The value of the biometric profile is that it willstatistically match a very small portion of the population, limiting theimpact on individuals not on the watchlist. By purposely increasing thenumber of false positives when creating profiles matching multipleindividuals, the invention decreases the number of false negativesavoiding failure to match a biometric due to anomalies in the enrollmentor template, etc. That is, the odds are better to match a profilebiometric than to match a full biometric so as to avoid missing thedesired match or identification.

A system that uses a “biometric profile” to either authenticate anindividual (e.g., as part of a personal, financial, government orcorporate ID), or identify an individual (e.g., from a watchlist, or alist of desired/undesired individuals). A biometric profile differs froma detailed biometric in that the biometric profile is not unique to theindividual (i.e., it will statistically match multiple individuals),whereas the detailed biometric is unique to an individual. The systemprovides the ability to select which types of biometric profiles will beused for matching, as well as the ability to calibrate the “strength” orfidelity of the matching, thereby adjusting the probability of matchinga larger or smaller set of individuals in the population.

This calibration can also be used to reduce the cost of storage andprocessing associated with the system(s), and enable mobile devices toapply various levels of biometric-strength matching where platformlimitations previously hindered these capabilities, e.g., processor andstorage limited mobile devices.

There are many applications for biometric profiling systems implementedaccording to the teaching of the present invention. Government furnishedID cards, (e.g., driver's license, passport, travel documents, FederalCommon Access Card) benefit from biometric-strength matching, but areunable to use biometrics due to societal reluctance to biometrics, legalbarriers, or the risk of losing an individual's biometric(s). Similarly,corporate furnished ID cards (e.g., employee id card, priority customercard) or financial institutions furnished cards, (e.g., credit cards,money cards, ATM cards) also benefit from biometric-strength matching,and face the same problems. Mobile device authentication (e.g., part ofa multi-factor authentication to access the mobile device, or send themobile device's authentication credentials to external multi-factorauthentication systems) or other devices such as automobiles, vendingmachines, ATMs, home appliances which have limited computing capacitywould benefit from the processing, speed and storage advantages of thepresent invention. Other embodiments of the invention include governmentborder (land, air & sea) watchlist identification, Internationalwatchlist identification or inter-government travel documents (e.g.,passports, visas).

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of the invention where two differentweakening mechanisms are used for different populations of biometricdata and the system tests to determine whether the resultant profilesare compatible, i.e. can be used in the same authentication or watchlistmechanism. In some cases, this will be due the fact that two vendors usedifferent implementations of a weakening mechanism. In otherembodiments, different jurisdiction may have different laws concerningthe amount of their residents' PII that can be exported.

In step 901, a first database of biometric signatures is obtained. Thedetailed biometric signatures are weakened according to a firstweakening process used by the first vendor or first jurisdiction, step903. This results in the first set of biometric profiles, step 905. Instep 907, a second database of detailed biometric signatures isobtained. In alternative embodiments of the invention, the firstdatabase can be used. The second weakening process is applied to thesesignatures, step 909, to result in a second set of biometric profiles.Next, a set of tests is performed to determine whether each set ofbiometric profiles can be used in the authentication or watchlistprocess. In one test, the detailed biometric data from one of thedatabases is used to test the system for matches against the weakenedbiometric profiles from each set of data. Though the drawing shows thecontemporaneous generation and matching of two biometric watchlists, theembodiment has application to matching watchlists which have beencreated sometime, e.g., weeks or years, before the actually matching.This might be the case where the watchlists were from differentcountries or government agencies using biometric profiles. In theembodiment, N:M matching occurs, i.e. matching all of the biometrics inset N to those in set M.

FIG. 10 illustrates a national watchlist that has been extended withbiometric profiles. There are many ways to represent the various typesof biometric profile types, as well as the biometric profile metadata.One skilled in the art would understand that the profiles could containmore data, some of which would be useful in a subsequent triage process,e.g., gender, height, weight, hair color, eye color, etc. Further, inembodiments of the invention in which multi-factor authentication isused the biometric profile data column is expanded to include theadditional factor, e.g., password. Embodiments which use two types ofbiometric profile, either because of two weakening mechanisms or twodifferent types of biometric data, will have both types of biometricprofile metadata. The watchlist could be further expanded to indicatesources for the biometric data. Preferably, the watchlist data issecured by a computer security mechanism such as encryption, and handledappropriately given the privacy laws of the given jurisdiction.

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for screening atleast one individual against a watchlist database. Generally, theprocess includes obtaining a detailed input biometric signal associatedwith a screening candidate and constructing a weakened biometricrepresentation of the detailed biometric signal such that there areexpected to be a plurality of K matches in a database of size N. Thetarget individual, e.g., suspect, is enrolled in the watchlist databaseusing the weakened biometric representation to create a record. Duringthe screening process, a detailed input biometric signal is obtainedfrom a screening candidate and the process determines whether abiometric representation computed from the detailed biometric signal ofthe screening candidate matches the record of the enrolled suspect. Thepresent invention can also further provide matching a strong biometricrepresentation computed from the detailed biometric signal of thescreening candidate against a strong biometric representation computedfrom the detailed biometric signal of the suspect when a match, usingthe weakened biometric profiles, has been determined to exist.

The present invention has many advantages over the prior art. There arelimited solutions to the anonymization and size reduction of biometrics.Encryption is a traditional approach to addressing security and privacyrequirements. There are numerous size reduction approaches, e.g., datacompression algorithms which are used by the various biometrics toolsthat can be used in the present invention as well. With respect toanonymization, the drawback with the encryption approach is that onemust eventually decrypt the individual's biometric (or biometrictemplate) in order to match it against one or more biometrics at whichpoint anonymity is lost. While other prior art methods seek to preserveanonymity, they also preserve a 1:1 (one to one) transformationrelationship rather than the a M:1 (many to one) transformationrelationship with the approach of the present invention. In theinvention, given a large data set of individuals, the same biometricprofile will statistically apply to a number of different individuals;hence, there is no 1:1 correlation back to the individual and privacy ispreserved. The size reduction offered by this approach, only capturing asmall subset of the actual biometric image or template information,offers speed and storage benefits as well. Because the invention cancalibrate the weakening mechanism used to create the profile, tradeoffsbetween anonymity, speed and storage consideration and fidelity ofmatching can all be accommodated.

While a preferred operating environment and use case has been described,the techniques herein may be used in any other operating environment inwhich it is desired to deploy services.

As has been described, the functionality described above may beimplemented as a standalone approach, e.g., one or more software-basedfunctions executed by one or more hardware processors, or it may beavailable as a managed service (including as a web service via aSOAP/XML or RESTful interface). The particular hardware and softwareimplementation details described herein are merely for illustrativepurposes are not meant to limit the scope of the described subjectmatter.

More generally, computing devices within the context of the disclosedsubject matter are each a data processing system comprising hardware andsoftware, and these entities communicate with one another over anetwork, such as the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a privatenetwork, or any other communications medium or link. The applications onthe data processing system provide native support for Web and otherknown services and protocols including, without limitation, support forHTTP, FTP, SMTP, SOAP, XML, WSDL, UDDI, and WSFL, among others.Information regarding SOAP, WSDL, UDDI and WSFL is available from theWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which is responsible for developing andmaintaining these standards; further information regarding HTTP, FTP,SMTP and XML is available from Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

In addition to the cloud-based environment, the techniques describedherein may be implemented in or in conjunction with various server-sidearchitectures including simple n-tier architectures, web portals,federated systems, and the like.

Still more generally, the subject matter described herein can take theform of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodimentor an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In apreferred embodiment, the trusted platform module function isimplemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware,resident software, microcode, and the like. Furthermore, the downloadand delete interfaces and functionality can take the form of a computerprogram product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readablemedium providing program code for use by or in connection with acomputer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of thisdescription, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be anyapparatus that can contain or store the program for use by or inconnection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,infrared, or a semiconductor system (or apparatus or device). Examplesof a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid statememory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random accessmemory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and anoptical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compactdisk-read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) andDVD. The computer-readable medium is a tangible, non-transitory item.

The computer program product may be a product having programinstructions (or program code) to implement one or more of the describedfunctions. Those instructions or code may be stored in a computerreadable storage medium in a data processing system after beingdownloaded over a network from a remote data processing system. Or,those instructions or code may be stored in a computer readable storagemedium in a server data processing system and adapted to be downloadedover a network to a remote data processing system for use in a computerreadable storage medium within the remote system.

In a representative embodiment, the techniques are implemented in aspecial purpose computing platform, preferably in software executed byone or more processors. The software is maintained in one or more datastores or memories associated with the one or more processors, and thesoftware may be implemented as one or more computer programs.Collectively, this special-purpose hardware and software comprises thefunctionality described above.

In the preferred embodiment, the functionality provided herein isimplemented as an adjunct or extension to an existing cloud computedeployment management solution.

While the above describes a particular order of operations performed bycertain embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that suchorder is exemplary, as alternative embodiments may perform theoperations in a different order, combine certain operations, overlapcertain operations, or the like. References in the specification to agiven embodiment indicate that the embodiment described may include aparticular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodimentmay not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic.

Finally, while given components of the system have been describedseparately, one of ordinary skill will appreciate that some of thefunctions may be combined or shared in given instructions, programsequences, code portions, and the like.

Having described our invention, what we now claim is as follows.

1. A method for using a weakened biometric representation of a targetindividual in a computer based security system, comprising: receiving arecord of a target individual containing a weakened biometricrepresentation of a detailed biometric signal of the target individualsuch that the weakened biometric representation is designed to identifya plurality of individuals including the target individual when comparedto detailed biometric signals corresponding to the plurality ofindividuals; obtaining a detailed input biometric signal from ascreening candidate individual; and determining whether the detailedbiometric signal of the screening candidate matches the weakenedbiometric representation included in the record for the targetindividual.
 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein determiningwhether the detailed biometric signal of the screening candidate matchesthe weakened biometric representation included in the record for thetarget individual further comprises: constructing a weakened biometricrepresentation from the detailed input biometric signal from thescreening candidate individual; and determining whether the weakenedbiometric signal of the screening candidate matches the weakenedbiometric representation included in the record for the targetindividual.
 3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein a non-biometriccredential is included in the record and the method further comprisesdetermining whether a non-biometric credential of the screeningcandidate individual matches the non-biometric credential in the record.4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the constructing of aweakened biometric representation of the detailed biometric signal ofthe target individual is designed such that there are expected to be aplurality of K matches in a database of size N.
 5. The method as recitedin claim 1 wherein a weakening mechanism used for constructing theweakened biometric representations is selected from the group consistingof deleting one or more sections of the input biometric signal, deletingone or more features from a biometric representation computed from theinput biometric signal and adding noise to the input biometric signal.6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the weakened biometricrepresentation of a detailed biometric signal of the target individualis stored in a record in a watchlist data store, the target individualis a suspect and the watchlist data store comprising records of aplurality of suspects.
 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein theweakened biometric representation of a detailed biometric signal of thetarget individual is stored in a record on a biometric profile ID card.8. The method as recited in claim 7, wherein the biometric profile IDcard is issued by an organization and also includes a non-biometriccredential.
 9. Apparatus, comprising: a processor; computer memoryholding computer program instructions executed by the processor forusing a weakened biometric representation of a target individual, thecomputer program instructions comprising: program code, operative toreceive a record of a target individual containing a weakened biometricrepresentation of a detailed biometric signal of the target individualsuch that the weakened biometric representation is designed to identifya plurality of individuals including the target individual when comparedto detailed biometric signals corresponding to the plurality ofindividuals; program code, operative to obtain a detailed inputbiometric signal from a screening candidate individual; and programcode, operative to determine whether the detailed biometric signal ofthe screening candidate matches the weakened biometric representationincluded in the record for the target individual.
 10. The apparatus asrecited in claim 9, wherein the program code, operative to determinewhether the detailed biometric signal of the screening candidate matchesthe weakened biometric representation included in the record for thetarget individual further comprises: program code, operative toconstruct a weakened biometric representation from the detailed inputbiometric signal from the screening candidate individual; and programcode, operative to determine whether the weakened biometric signal ofthe screening candidate matches the weakened biometric representationincluded in the record for the target individual.
 11. The apparatus asrecited in claim 9, wherein the weakened biometric representation of adetailed biometric signal of the target individual is stored in a recordon a biometric profile ID card.
 12. The apparatus as recited in claim 9,wherein the biometric profile ID card is issued by an organization andalso includes a non-biometric credential.
 13. The apparatus as recitedin claim 11, further comprising program code operative to match a strongbiometric representation computed from the detailed biometric signal ofthe screening candidate against a strong biometric representationcomputed from the detailed biometric signal of the suspect when a matchhas been determined to exist.
 14. The apparatus as recited in claim 9,the weakened biometric representation is constructed by passing a strongbiometric representation computed from the input biometric signalthrough a lossy compressor and then decompressing the representation,wherein the lossy compressor is an artificial neural network with ahidden layer and the neural network has been trained as an autoencoderover a collection of two or more strong biometric representations.
 15. Acomputer program product in a non-transitory computer readable mediumfor use in a data processing system, the computer program productholding computer program instructions executed by the data processingsystem for using a weakened biometric representation of a targetindividual, the computer program instructions comprising: program code,operative to receive a record of a target individual containing aweakened biometric representation of a detailed biometric signal of thetarget individual such that the weakened biometric representation isdesigned to identify a plurality of individuals including the targetindividual when compared to detailed biometric signals corresponding tothe plurality of individuals; program code, operative to obtain adetailed input biometric signal from a screening candidate individual;and program code, operative to determine whether the detailed biometricsignal of the screening candidate matches the weakened biometricrepresentation included in the record for the target individual.
 16. Thecomputer program product as recited in claim 15, wherein the programcode, operative to determine whether the detailed biometric signal ofthe screening candidate matches the weakened biometric representationincluded in the record for the target individual further comprises:program code, operative to construct a weakened biometric representationfrom the detailed input biometric signal from the screening candidateindividual; and program code, operative to determine whether theweakened biometric signal of the screening candidate matches theweakened biometric representation included in the record for the targetindividual.
 17. The computer program product as recited in claim 15,wherein the record of a target individual further comprises a secondweakened biometric representation from a second detailed biometricsignal of the target individual of a second type such that the secondweakened biometric representation is designed to identify a plurality ofindividuals including the target individual; and the computerinstructions further comprise: program code, operative to determinewhether a second detailed biometric signal of the screening candidate ofthe second type matches the second weakened biometric representationincluded in the record for the target individual.
 18. The computerprogram product as recited in claim 15, further comprising program code,operative to use the weakened biometric representation in a multifactorauthentication of the screening candidate, wherein at least one of thefactors in the multifactor authentication is a non-biometric factor. 19.The computer program product as recited in claim 15, further comprisingprogram code operative to normalize a detailed input biometric signalformat from a biometric scanning device to a weakened biometricrepresentation format.
 20. The computer program product as recited inclaim 15, further comprising: program code, operative to receive theweakened biometric representation of a detailed biometric signal of thetarget individual as stored in a record on a biometric profile ID card.